Midterm Cumulative

Card Design

Color-code Parts of Speech

Card Front

Dictionary Information

Abbreviate

Macrons (ā, ē, ī, ō, ū)

Essential (2nd conjugation infinitives)

All

Additional Resources:

I. Read the words outloud.
It's true that you will never need to speak to an ancient Roman (unless you learn how to time-travel, in which case please bring me along). However, don't underestimate the importance of pronunciation— it's crucial for understanding components of Latin, especially when you learn new endings to form plural nouns and verb tenses.

There's a reason we spend so much time chanting the words in class. Don't just glaze over the words and make a "blah blah" sound in your head. Remember, the letters in Latin follow consistent rules (unlike in English). Review pronunciation rules here.

II. Write the words down.
You don't necessarily need to make your own hand-written flashcards (it still would be a good idea!) but consider having someone else say the words or press the audio buttons while you write down both the Latin word and its English meaning.

III. Pay attention to parts of speech.
Terms are color-coded by parts of speech:

Verbs
Nouns & Pronouns
Prepositions
Adjectives
Adverbs
Conjunctions
Interjections

You will need to provide dictionary information (the colored info on the back of the cards) starting in Chapter 3 and beyond. Knowing a word's part of speech will help you recognize patterns and translate at a faster rate. Trust me.

IV. Draw nouns.
Who said studying has to be boring? Draw pictures of the nouns, and label them in Latin, of course. I am always happy to see students' creativity at work. Additional drawing activities can be found at the top of the page under "Print-Offs."

V. Act out verbs.
If you need a break from writing, give kinesthetic learning a shot. Say a verb in Latin while acting it out.

VI. Pay extra attention to adverbs and conjunctions !
Students frequently miss these parts of speech on assessments because they are harder to visualize in comparison to nouns, adjectives, and verbs. Honestly, you might just need to chant and write them over and over until they stick.

VII. Beware of hindsight bias.
Often, students make the mistake of thinking that they know the English meanings of words when they really don't.

What happens is that students will flip over a card and recognize the correct answer, but they don't truly know the correct answer. Remember, vocabulary quizzes are NOT multiple choice. They require students to produce the correct answer in writing, not identify the correct answer from a set. So before you hastily flip over a card, make sure that you say or write your answer first. If your answer doesn't match the back of the card, you don't know it well enough.

VIII. Avoid meaningless memorization shortcuts.
Remembering that the Latin word for "to live" (habitō, habitāre) starts with the letter "h" might help you on a quiz in the short term, but what about when you learn habeō, habēre? Making sure you thoroughly know a word will pay off in the long run. This is one reason saying the word outloud is helpful. Account for every syllable and for every letter.

IX. Learn derivatives.
Derivatives are English words that come from Latin words. As it turns out, Latin isn't so dead after all!

Example: An uninhabitable place is where nothing can live. (habitō, habitāre = to live)

The SPA Latin teachers have provided some English derivatives in small gray print on the back side of the cards. You can earn extra points on quizzes by providing these (with correct spelling).

n.b. Sometimes, words change meanings over time, so derivatives might not always be helpful. For example, the English word "trade" comes from the Latin "tradō, tradere" which originally meant "to give," rather than "to exchange." All derivatives provided on this site are "safe."

X. Study English to Latin.
You typically will only have to translate from Latin to English. However, if you study English to Latin, this will help ensure that you know the words really well. This is a more difficult skill that takes longer to achieve, even for Latin teachers.

Midterm Cumulative

ab/ā

(takes ablative)

from, away from

(takes accusative)

to, toward

adhūc

still

adveniō, advenīre

to arrive

aliī...aliī

some...others

alter, altera, alterum

other, another

Flavia puella altera est.

A common pattern of Latin adjectives is -us/-r, -a, -um (2-1-2) in which the forms are presented in the masculine, feminine, and neuter.

Example: alter, altera, alterum
(Abbreviated: alter, -a, -um)
alter → masculine
altera → feminine
alterum → neuter

In the example sentence above, altera is chosen to modify puella because -a is the feminine ending. Consider the alternative examples below:

Example 1: Masculine
alter puer ambulat.

Example 2: Neuter
alterum templum est.

Adjectives often come after the noun they modify. Watch out for adjectives that are predicate nominatives.

alius, alia, aliud

ambulō, ambulāre

to walk

derivatives: amble, ambulatory

amō, amāre

to love/like

audiō, audīre

to hear

derivatives: audition, audience

cadō, cadere

to fall

derivatives: decadent, cadence, cascade

cavē

(to one person)

be careful!

cum

(takes ablative)

with

cūr...?

why...?

Cūr legis?

cūrō, cūrāre

to take care of

derivative: curator

deinde

then

diēs, diēī m.

day

derivative: diurnal

doceō, docēre

to teach

derivatives: docile, doctrine

dūcō, dūcere

to lead

derivatives: productive, conducive, conductor, induce

dum

while

Dum Cornelia legit, Flavia scribit.

eam (f.)

her

note: accusative

eās (f.)

them

note: accusative

ego

derivatives: egocentric, egotistical

eius

his/hers/its

note: (of him/her/it)

eōs (m.)

them

note: accusative

etiam

also

Cornelia puella etiam est.

eum (m.)

him

note: accusative

ex/ē

(takes ablative)

out of

habitō, habitāre

to live

derivative: uninhabitable

Cornelia in vīllā rūstica aestāte habitat.

An uninhabitable place is where nothing can live.

hīc

here

hodiē

today

iam

now

Flavia iam sedet sub arbore.

ibi

there

īrātus, īrāta, īrātum

angry

derivative: irate

iterum

again

maneō, manēre

to stay, remain

derivative: mansion

mē

meus, mea, meum

mihi

for me

miser, misera, miserum

unhappy

derivative: immiserate

mittō, mittere

to send

derivative: mission

mox

soon

multī, multae, multa

many

derivatives: multitude, multiply

nam

because

nēmō, neminis m./f.

no one

neque

and...not

neque...neque

neither...nor

nihil (n.)

nothing

note: can be nominative or accusative

derivatives: annihilate, nihilist

nōbīs

for us

nōn iam

no longer

nōndum

not yet

nōs

we/us

note: can be nominative or accusative

nūllus, nūlla, nūllum

no, not any

derivative: nullify

nunc

now

derivative: quidnunc

omnēs m./f.

(noun)

everyone

petō, petere

to look for, to head for

derivatives: petition, appetite

portō, portāre

to carry

derivatives: teleportation, comportment

prope

(takes accusative)

near

quae (f.)

who

qui (m.)

who

quoque

also

rīdeō, rīdēre

to smile, laugh

derivatives: derision, ridiculous

saepe

often

salūtō, salūtāre

to greet

derivatives: salutation, salutatorian

sed

but

sedeō, sedēre

to sit

derivatives: sedentary, session, sessile

semper

always

simul

together, at the same time

derivative: simultaneous

spectō, spectāre

to watch

derivatives: specter, inspector

statim

immediately

sub

(takes ablative)

under

subito

suddenly

surgō, surgere

to get up

derivatives: insurgency, resurrection

suus, sua, suum

his, her, its (own)

tamen

however

tandem

at last

temptō, temptāre

to try

derivative: temptation

tempus, temporis n.

time

derivative: contemporary

teneō, tenēre

to hold

derivative: container

terreō, terrēre

to scare, frighten

derivative: terrify

timeō, timēre

to fear, be afraid of

tum

then

tuus, tua, tuum

your

ubi

where

ubi

when

urbs, urbis f.

city

derivatives: urbane, suburb

veniō, venīre

to come

derivatives: intervention, convenient

videō, vidēre

to see

derivatives: vision, evidence

vōs

you all

note: can be nominative or accusative

vox, vocis f.

voice

derivative: vocalize

Sort:

Alphabetically

By Parts of Speech

ab/ā

(takes ablative)

from, away from

(takes accusative)

to, toward

adhūc

still

adveniō, adven‍īre

to arrive

aliī...aliī

some...others

alter, alter‍a, alter‍um

other, another

ambulō, ambul‍āre

to walk

derivatives: amble, ambulatory

amō, am‍āre

to love/like

audiō, aud‍īre

to hear

derivatives: audition, audience

cadō, cad‍ere

to fall

derivatives: decadent, cadence, cascade

cavē

be careful!

cum

(takes ablative)

with

cūr...?

why...?

cūrō, cūr‍āre

to take care of

derivative: curator

deinde

then

diēs, di‍ēī m.

day

derivative: diurnal

doceō, doc‍ēre

to teach

derivatives: docile, doctrine

dūcō, dūc‍ere

to lead

derivatives: productive, conducive, conductor, induce

dum

while

eam (f.)

her

note: accusative

eās (f.)

them

note: accusative

ego

derivatives: egocentric, egotistical

eius

his/hers/its

note: (of him/her/it)

eōs (m.)

them

note: accusative

etiam

also

eum (m.)

him

note: accusative

ex/ē

(takes ablative)

out of

habitō, habit‍āre

to live

derivative: uninhabitable

hīc

here

hodiē

today

iam

now

ibi

there

īrātus, īrāt‍a, īrāt‍um

angry

derivative: irate

iterum

again

maneō, man‍ēre

to stay, remain

derivative: mansion

mē

meus, me‍a, me‍um

mihi

for me

miser, ‍misera, ‍miserum

unhappy

derivative: immiserate

mittō, mitt‍ere

to send

derivative: mission

mox

soon

multī, mult‍ae, mult‍a

many

derivatives: multitude, multiply

nam

because

nēmō, neminis m./f.

no one

neque

and...not

neque...neque

neither...nor

nihil (n.)

nothing

note: can be nominative or accusative

derivatives: annihilate, nihilist

nōbīs

for us

nōn iam

no longer

nōndum

not yet

nōs

we/us

note: can be nominative or accusative

nūllus, nūll‍a, nūll‍um

no, not any

derivative: nullify

nunc

now

derivative: quidnunc

omnēs m./f.

(noun)

everyone

petō, pet‍ere

to look for, to head for

derivatives: petition, appetite

portō, port‍āre

to carry

derivatives: teleportation, comportment

prope

(takes accusative)

near

quae (f.)

who

qui (m.)

who

quoque

also

rīdeō, rīd‍ēre

to smile, laugh

derivatives: derision, ridiculous

saepe

often

salūtō, salūt‍āre

to greet

derivatives: salutation, salutatorian

sed

but

sedeō, sed‍ēre

to sit

derivatives: sedentary, session, sessile

semper

always

simul

together, at the same time

derivative: simultaneous

spectō, spect‍āre

to watch

derivatives: specter, inspector

statim

immediately

sub

(takes ablative)

under

subito

suddenly

surgō, surg‍ere

to get up

derivatives: insurgency, resurrection

suus, su‍a, su‍um

his, her, its (own)

tamen

however

tandem

at last

temptō, tempt‍āre

to try

derivative: temptation

tempus, temporis n.

time

derivative: contemporary

teneō, ten‍ēre

to hold

derivative: container

terreō, terr‍ēre

to scare, frighten

derivative: terrify

timeō, tim‍ēre

to fear, be afraid of

tum

then

tuus, tu‍a, tu‍um

your

ubi

where

ubi

when

urbs, urbis f.

city

derivatives: urbane, suburb

veniō, ven‍īre

to come

derivatives: intervention, convenient

videō, vid‍ēre

to see

derivatives: vision, evidence

vōs

you all

note: can be nominative or accusative

vox, vocis f.

voice

derivative: vocalize

Verbs

adveniō, adven‍īre

to arrive

ambulō, ambul‍āre

to walk

derivatives: amble, ambulatory

amō, am‍āre

to love/like

audiō, aud‍īre

to hear

derivatives: audition, audience

cadō, cad‍ere

to fall

derivatives: decadent, cadence, cascade

cūrō, cūr‍āre

to take care of

derivative: curator

doceō, doc‍ēre

to teach

derivatives: docile, doctrine

dūcō, dūc‍ere

to lead

derivatives: productive, conducive, conductor, induce

habitō, habit‍āre

to live

derivative: uninhabitable

maneō, man‍ēre

to stay, remain

derivative: mansion

mittō, mitt‍ere

to send

derivative: mission

petō, pet‍ere

to look for, to head for

derivatives: petition, appetite

portō, port‍āre

to carry

derivatives: teleportation, comportment

rīdeō, rīd‍ēre

to smile, laugh

derivatives: derision, ridiculous

salūtō, salūt‍āre

to greet

derivatives: salutation, salutatorian

sedeō, sed‍ēre

to sit

derivatives: sedentary, session, sessile

spectō, spect‍āre

to watch

derivatives: specter, inspector

surgō, surg‍ere

to get up

derivatives: insurgency, resurrection

temptō, tempt‍āre

to try

derivative: temptation

teneō, ten‍ēre

to hold

derivative: container

terreō, terr‍ēre

to scare, frighten

derivative: terrify

timeō, tim‍ēre

to fear, be afraid of

veniō, ven‍īre

to come

derivatives: intervention, convenient

videō, vid‍ēre

to see

derivatives: vision, evidence

Verbs (Conjugated)

cavē

be careful!

Nouns

diēs, di‍ēī m.

day

derivative: diurnal

nēmō, neminis m./f.

no one

nihil (n.)

nothing

note: can be nominative or accusative

derivatives: annihilate, nihilist

omnēs m./f.

(noun)

everyone

tempus, temporis n.

time

derivative: contemporary

urbs, urbis f.

city

derivatives: urbane, suburb

vox, vocis f.

voice

derivative: vocalize

Pronouns

eam (f.)

her

note: accusative

eās (f.)

them

note: accusative

ego

derivatives: egocentric, egotistical

eius

his/hers/its

note: (of him/her/it)

eōs (m.)

them

note: accusative

eum (m.)

him

note: accusative

mē

mihi

for me

nōbīs

for us

nōs

we/us

note: can be nominative or accusative

quae (f.)

who

qui (m.)

who

vōs

you all

note: can be nominative or accusative

Adjectives

alter, alter‍a, alter‍um

other, another

īrātus, īrāt‍a, īrāt‍um

angry

derivative: irate

meus, me‍a, me‍um

miser, ‍misera, ‍miserum

unhappy

derivative: immiserate

multī, mult‍ae, mult‍a

many

derivatives: multitude, multiply

nūllus, nūll‍a, nūll‍um

no, not any

derivative: nullify

suus, su‍a, su‍um

his, her, its (own)

tuus, tu‍a, tu‍um

your

Adverbs

adhūc

still

cūr...?

why...?

deinde

then

dum

while

etiam

also

hīc

here

hodiē

today

iam

now

ibi

there

iterum

again

mox

soon

nōn iam

no longer

nōndum

not yet

nunc

now

derivative: quidnunc

quoque

also

saepe

often

semper

always

simul

together, at the same time

derivative: simultaneous

statim

immediately

subito

suddenly

tamen

however

tandem

at last

tum

then

ubi

where

Prepositions

ab/ā

(takes ablative)

from, away from

(takes accusative)

to, toward

cum

(takes ablative)

with

ex/ē

(takes ablative)

out of

prope

(takes accusative)

near

sub

(takes ablative)

under

Conjunctions

aliī...aliī

some...others

nam

because

neque

and...not

neque...neque

neither...nor

sed

but

ubi

when

Settings

Additional Resources:

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Latin Adjectives

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Verbs

Verbs (Conjugated)

Nouns

Pronouns

Adjectives

Adverbs

Prepositions

Conjunctions