Final Cumulative

Color-code Parts of Speech

Abbreviate Dictionary Info

Macrons (ā, ē, ī, ō, ū)

All

Essential (2nd conjugation verbs)

Additional Resources:

I. Read the words outloud.
It's true that you will never need to speak to an ancient Roman (unless you learn how to time-travel, in which case please bring me along). However, don't underestimate the importance of pronunciation— it's crucial for understanding components of Latin, especially when you learn new endings to form plural nouns and verb tenses.

There's a reason we spend so much time chanting the words in class. Don't just glaze over the words and make a "blah blah" sound in your head. Remember, the letters in Latin follow consistent rules (unlike in English). Review pronunciation rules here.

II. Write the words down.
You don't necessarily need to make your own hand-written flashcards (it still would be a good idea!) but consider having someone else say the words or press the audio buttons while you write down both the Latin word and its English meaning.

III. Pay attention to parts of speech.
Terms are color-coded by parts of speech:

Verbs
Nouns & Pronouns
Prepositions
Adjectives
Adverbs
Conjunctions
Interjections

You will need to provide dictionary information (the colored info on the back of the cards) starting in Chapter 3 and beyond. Knowing a word's part of speech will help you recognize patterns and translate at a faster rate. Trust me.

IV. Draw nouns.
Who said studying has to be boring? Draw pictures of the nouns, and label them in Latin, of course. I am always happy to see students' creativity at work. Additional drawing activities can be found at the top of the page under "Print-Offs."

V. Act out verbs.
If you need a break from writing, give kinesthetic learning a shot. Say a verb in Latin while acting it out.

VI. Pay extra attention to adverbs and conjunctions !
Students frequently miss these parts of speech on assessments because they are harder to visualize in comparison to nouns, adjectives, and verbs. Honestly, you might just need to chant and write them over and over until they stick.

VII. Beware of hindsight bias.
Often, students make the mistake of thinking that they know the English meanings of words when they really don't.

What happens is that students will flip over a card and recognize the correct answer, but they don't truly know the correct answer. Remember, vocabulary quizzes are NOT multiple choice. They require students to produce the correct answer in writing, not identify the correct answer from a set. So before you hastily flip over a card, make sure that you say or write your answer first. If your answer doesn't match the back of the card, you don't know it well enough.

VIII. Avoid meaningless memorization shortcuts.
Remembering that the Latin word for "to live" (habitō, habitāre) starts with the letter "h" might help you on a quiz in the short term, but what about when you learn habeō, habēre? Making sure you thoroughly know a word will pay off in the long run. This is one reason saying the word outloud is helpful. Account for every syllable and for every letter.

IX. Learn derivatives.
Derivatives are English words that come from Latin words. As it turns out, Latin isn't so dead after all!

Example: An uninhabitable place is where nothing can live. (habitō, habitāre = to live)

The SPA Latin teachers have provided some English derivatives in small gray print on the back side of the cards. You can earn extra points on quizzes by providing these (with correct spelling).

n.b. Sometimes, words change meanings over time, so derivatives might not always be helpful. For example, the English word "trade" comes from the Latin "tradō, tradere" which originally meant "to give," rather than "to exchange." All derivatives provided on this site are "safe."

X. Study English to Latin.
You typically will only have to translate from Latin to English. However, if you study English to Latin, this will help ensure that you know the words really well. This is a more difficult skill that takes longer to achieve, even for Latin teachers.

Final Cumulative

ab/ā

(takes ablative)

from, away from

absum

abesse

to be away

derivative: absent

accidit

(3rd person singular)

(it) happens

(takes accusative)

to, towards

agō

agere

to do, drive, act

aliī...aliī

some...others

alius

alia, aliud

other, another

animus

animī m.

mind

derivative: animosity

aperiō

aperīre

to open

derivative: aperture

apud

(takes accusative)

with, among

ars

artis f.

skill

derivative: artisanal

bonus

bona, bonum

good

canis

canis m./f.

dog

derivative: canine

caupōna

cauponae f.

inn

celō

celāre

to hide

derivative: conceal

cessō

cessāre

to quit

cīvis

cīvis m./f.

citizen

derivative: civic

crās

tomorrow

derivative: procrastinate

culpa

culpae f.

fault

cum

(takes ablative)

with

cūnctī

cūnctae, cūncta

all

custōdiō

custōdīre

to guard

derivative: custody

dē

(takes ablative)

ABOUT, down from

deinde

then

dīcō

dīcere

to say

derivatives: dictator, contradiction

diū

for a long time

dominus

dominī m.

master

derivative: dominate

dūcō

dūcere

to lead

derivatives: productive, conducive

effugiō

effugere

to run away, escape

eō

īre

to go

ex/ē

(takes ablative)

out of

faciō

facere

to do, make

derivatives: manufacture, confection

ferō

ferre

to bring

derivative: reference

ferō, ferre is an irregular verb, so we need to memorize its forms. Maybe this song will help you:

fortasse

maybe

gaudeō

gaudēre

to be glad

habeō

habēre

to have, hold

hīc

here

homo

hominis m.

person

iaciō

iacere

to throw

derivatives: eject, projector

identidem

again and again

intereā

meanwhile

inveniō

invenīre

to find

derivative: invention

īra

īrae f.

anger, wrath

derivative: ire

itaque

and so

iter

itineris n.

journey

derivative: itinerary

iterum

again

iubeō

iubēre

to order

liberī

liberōrum m.

children

lūdō

ludere

to play

derivative: ludicrous

maneō

manēre

to stay/ remain

derivative: mansion

mihi

for me

miser

misera, miserum

unhappy

derivative: immiserate

mittō

mittere

to send

derivative: mission

mortuus

mortua, mortuum

DEAD

derivative: mortality

moveō

movēre

to move

derivative: motion

nam

because

nēmō

m./f.

no one

nōbīs

for us

nōlō

nolle

to not want

nōs

we/us

noster

nostra, nostrum

our

nūllus

nūlla, nūllum

no, not any

derivative: nullify

onus

oneris n.

load, burden

parātus

parāta, parātum

ready

pars

partis f.

part

perīculum

perīculī n.

danger

pēs

pedis m.

foot

derivative: pedestrian

plēnus

plēna, plēnum

full

derivative: plenary

pōnō

pōnere

to put, place

derivatives: position, component

porta

portae f.

gate

derivative: portal

praetereā

besides

procul

in the distance

quam

quamquam

although

relinquō

relinquere

to leave behind

derivative: relinquish

rogō

rogāre

to ask

derivative: interrogate

scelestus

scelesta, scelestum

wicked

sciō

scīre

to know

derivatives: science, omniscient, prescient

sē

herself, himself, itself

simul

together, at the same time

derivative: simultaneous

soleō

solēre

to usually (do)

stō

stāre

to stand

derivative: station

sub

(takes ablative)

under

suus

sua, suum

his own, her own, its own

temptō

temptāre

to try

derivative: temptation

tempus

temporis n.

time

derivative: contemporary

teneō

tenēre

to hold

derivative: container

trahō

trahere

to drag

derivative: protracted

tuus

tua, tuum

your

vertō

vertere

to turn

derivatives: conversion, vertical, invert

vir

virī m.

man

vītō

vītāre

to avoid

derivative: inevitable

vocō

vocāre

to call

derivatives: vocation, invoke

volō

velle

to want

vōs

you all

Sort:

Alphabetically

By Parts of Speech

ab/ā

(takes ablative)

from, away from

absum

abesse

to be away

derivative: absent

accidit

(3rd person singular)

(it) happens

(takes accusative)

to, towards

agō

agere

to do, drive, act

aliī...aliī

some...others

alius

alia, aliud

other, another

animus

animī m.

mind

derivative: animosity

aperiō

aperīre

to open

derivative: aperture

apud

(takes accusative)

with, among

ars

artis f.

skill

derivative: artisanal

bonus

bona, bonum

good

canis

canis m./f.

dog

derivative: canine

caupōna

cauponae f.

inn

celō

celāre

to hide

derivative: conceal

cessō

cessāre

to quit

cīvis

cīvis m./f.

citizen

derivative: civic

crās

tomorrow

derivative: procrastinate

culpa

culpae f.

fault

cum

(takes ablative)

with

cūnctī

cūnctae, cūncta

all

custōdiō

custōdīre

to guard

derivative: custody

dē

(takes ablative)

ABOUT, down from

deinde

then

dīcō

dīcere

to say

derivatives: dictator, contradiction

diū

for a long time

dominus

dominī m.

master

derivative: dominate

dūcō

dūcere

to lead

derivatives: productive, conducive

effugiō

effugere

to run away, escape

eō

īre

to go

ex/ē

(takes ablative)

out of

faciō

facere

to do, make

derivatives: manufacture, confection

ferō

ferre

to bring

derivative: reference

fortasse

maybe

gaudeō

gaudēre

to be glad

habeō

habēre

to have, hold

hīc

here

homo

hominis m.

person

iaciō

iacere

to throw

derivatives: eject, projector

identidem

again and again

intereā

meanwhile

inveniō

invenīre

to find

derivative: invention

īra

īrae f.

anger, wrath

derivative: ire

itaque

and so

iter

itineris n.

journey

derivative: itinerary

iterum

again

iubeō

iubēre

to order

liberī

liberōrum m.

children

lūdō

ludere

to play

derivative: ludicrous

maneō

manēre

to stay/ remain

derivative: mansion

mihi

for me

miser

misera, miserum

unhappy

derivative: immiserate

mittō

mittere

to send

derivative: mission

mortuus

mortua, mortuum

DEAD

derivative: mortality

moveō

movēre

to move

derivative: motion

nam

because

nēmō

m./f.

no one

nōbīs

for us

nōlō

nolle

to not want

nōs

we/us

note: can be nominative or accusative

noster

nostra, nostrum

our

nūllus

nūlla, nūllum

no, not any

derivative: nullify

onus

oneris n.

load, burden

parātus

parāta, parātum

ready

pars

partis f.

part

perīculum

perīculī n.

danger

pēs

pedis m.

foot

derivative: pedestrian

plēnus

plēna, plēnum

full

derivative: plenary

pōnō

pōnere

to put, place

derivatives: position, component

porta

portae f.

gate

derivative: portal

praetereā

besides

procul

in the distance

quam

quamquam

although

relinquō

relinquere

to leave behind

derivative: relinquish

rogō

rogāre

to ask

derivative: interrogate

scelestus

scelesta, scelestum

wicked

sciō

scīre

to know

derivatives: science, omniscient, prescient

sē

herself, himself, itself

simul

together, at the same time

derivative: simultaneous

soleō

solēre

to usually (do)

stō

stāre

to stand

derivative: station

sub

(takes ablative)

under

suus

sua, suum

his own, her own, its own

temptō

temptāre

to try

derivative: temptation

tempus

temporis n.

time

derivative: contemporary

teneō

tenēre

to hold

derivative: container

trahō

trahere

to drag

derivative: protracted

tuus

tua, tuum

your

vertō

vertere

to turn

derivatives: conversion, vertical, invert

vir

virī m.

man

vītō

vītāre

to avoid

derivative: inevitable

vocō

vocāre

to call

derivatives: vocation, invoke

volō

velle

to want

vōs

you all

note: can be nominative or accusative

Verbs

absum

abesse

to be away

derivative: absent

agō

agere

to do, drive, act

aperiō

aperīre

to open

derivative: aperture

celō

celāre

to hide

derivative: conceal

cessō

cessāre

to quit

custōdiō

custōdīre

to guard

derivative: custody

dīcō

dīcere

to say

derivatives: dictator, contradiction

dūcō

dūcere

to lead

derivatives: productive, conducive

effugiō

effugere

to run away, escape

eō

īre

to go

faciō

facere

to do, make

derivatives: manufacture, confection

ferō

ferre

to bring

derivative: reference

gaudeō

gaudēre

to be glad

habeō

habēre

to have, hold

iaciō

iacere

to throw

derivatives: eject, projector

inveniō

invenīre

to find

derivative: invention

iubeō

iubēre

to order

lūdō

ludere

to play

derivative: ludicrous

maneō

manēre

to stay/ remain

derivative: mansion

mittō

mittere

to send

derivative: mission

moveō

movēre

to move

derivative: motion

nōlō

nolle

to not want

pōnō

pōnere

to put, place

derivatives: position, component

relinquō

relinquere

to leave behind

derivative: relinquish

rogō

rogāre

to ask

derivative: interrogate

sciō

scīre

to know

derivatives: science, omniscient, prescient

soleō

solēre

to usually (do)

stō

stāre

to stand

derivative: station

temptō

temptāre

to try

derivative: temptation

teneō

tenēre

to hold

derivative: container

trahō

trahere

to drag

derivative: protracted

vertō

vertere

to turn

derivatives: conversion, vertical, invert

vītō

vītāre

to avoid

derivative: inevitable

vocō

vocāre

to call

derivatives: vocation, invoke

volō

velle

to want

Verbs (Conjugated)

accidit

(3rd person singular)

(it) happens

Nouns

animus

animī m.

mind

derivative: animosity

ars

artis f.

skill

derivative: artisanal

canis

canis m./f.

dog

derivative: canine

caupōna

cauponae f.

inn

cīvis

cīvis m./f.

citizen

derivative: civic

culpa

culpae f.

fault

dominus

dominī m.

master

derivative: dominate

homo

hominis m.

person

īra

īrae f.

anger, wrath

derivative: ire

iter

itineris n.

journey

derivative: itinerary

liberī

liberōrum m.

children

nēmō

m./f.

no one

onus

oneris n.

load, burden

pars

partis f.

part

perīculum

perīculī n.

danger

pēs

pedis m.

foot

derivative: pedestrian

porta

portae f.

gate

derivative: portal

tempus

temporis n.

time

derivative: contemporary

vir

virī m.

man

Pronouns

mihi

for me

nōbīs

for us

nōs

we/us

note: can be nominative or accusative

sē

herself, himself, itself

vōs

you all

note: can be nominative or accusative

Adjectives

alius

alia, aliud

other, another

bonus

bona, bonum

good

cūnctī

cūnctae, cūncta

all

miser

misera, miserum

unhappy

derivative: immiserate

mortuus

mortua, mortuum

DEAD

derivative: mortality

noster

nostra, nostrum

our

nūllus

nūlla, nūllum

no, not any

derivative: nullify

parātus

parāta, parātum

ready

plēnus

plēna, plēnum

full

derivative: plenary

scelestus

scelesta, scelestum

wicked

suus

sua, suum

his own, her own, its own

tuus

tua, tuum

your

Adverbs

crās

tomorrow

derivative: procrastinate

deinde

then

diū

for a long time

fortasse

maybe

hīc

here

identidem

again and again

intereā

meanwhile

itaque

and so

iterum

again

praetereā

besides

procul

in the distance

quam

quamquam

although

simul

together, at the same time

derivative: simultaneous

Prepositions

ab/ā

(takes ablative)

from, away from

(takes accusative)

to, towards

apud

(takes accusative)

with, among

cum

(takes ablative)

with

dē

(takes ablative)

ABOUT, down from

ex/ē

(takes ablative)

out of

sub

(takes ablative)

under

Conjunctions

aliī...aliī

some...others

nam

because

Settings

Additional Resources:

Fero Song

Verbs

Verbs (Conjugated)

Nouns

Pronouns

Adjectives

Adverbs

Prepositions

Conjunctions