Chapter 4

Color-code Parts of Speech

Abbreviate Dictionary Info

Macrons (ā, ē, ī, ō, ū)

All

Essential (2nd conjugation verbs)

Additional Resources:

I. Read the words outloud.
It's true that you will never need to speak to an ancient Roman (unless you learn how to time-travel, in which case please bring me along). However, don't underestimate the importance of pronunciation— it's crucial for understanding components of Latin, especially when you learn new endings to form plural nouns and verb tenses.

There's a reason we spend so much time chanting the words in class. Don't just glaze over the words and make a "blah blah" sound in your head. Remember, the letters in Latin follow consistent rules (unlike in English). Review pronunciation rules here.

II. Write the words down.
You don't necessarily need to make your own hand-written flashcards (it still would be a good idea!) but consider having someone else say the words or press the audio buttons while you write down both the Latin word and its English meaning.

III. Pay attention to parts of speech.
Terms are color-coded by parts of speech:

Verbs
Nouns & Pronouns
Prepositions
Adjectives
Adverbs
Conjunctions
Interjections

You will need to provide dictionary information (the colored info on the back of the cards) starting in Chapter 3 and beyond. Knowing a word's part of speech will help you recognize patterns and translate at a faster rate. Trust me.

IV. Draw nouns.
Who said studying has to be boring? Draw pictures of the nouns, and label them in Latin, of course. I am always happy to see students' creativity at work. Additional drawing activities can be found at the top of the page under "Print-Offs."

V. Act out verbs.
If you need a break from writing, give kinesthetic learning a shot. Say a verb in Latin while acting it out.

VI. Pay extra attention to adverbs and conjunctions !
Students frequently miss these parts of speech on assessments because they are harder to visualize in comparison to nouns, adjectives, and verbs. Honestly, you might just need to chant and write them over and over until they stick.

VII. Beware of hindsight bias.
Often, students make the mistake of thinking that they know the English meanings of words when they really don't.

What happens is that students will flip over a card and recognize the correct answer, but they don't truly know the correct answer. Remember, vocabulary quizzes are NOT multiple choice. They require students to produce the correct answer in writing, not identify the correct answer from a set. So before you hastily flip over a card, make sure that you say or write your answer first. If your answer doesn't match the back of the card, you don't know it well enough.

VIII. Avoid meaningless memorization shortcuts.
Remembering that the Latin word for "to live" (habitō, habitāre) starts with the letter "h" might help you on a quiz in the short term, but what about when you learn habeō, habēre? Making sure you thoroughly know a word will pay off in the long run. This is one reason saying the word outloud is helpful. Account for every syllable and for every letter.

IX. Learn derivatives.
Derivatives are English words that come from Latin words. As it turns out, Latin isn't so dead after all!

Example: An uninhabitable place is where nothing can live. (habitō, habitāre = to live)

The SPA Latin teachers have provided some English derivatives in small gray print on the back side of the cards. You can earn extra points on quizzes by providing these (with correct spelling).

n.b. Sometimes, words change meanings over time, so derivatives might not always be helpful. For example, the English word "trade" comes from the Latin "tradō, tradere" which originally meant "to give," rather than "to exchange." All derivatives provided on this site are "safe."

X. Study English to Latin.
You typically will only have to translate from Latin to English. However, if you study English to Latin, this will help ensure that you know the words really well. This is a more difficult skill that takes longer to achieve, even for Latin teachers.

Chapter 4

(takes accusative)

to, toward

amō

amāre

to love/like

ascendō

ascendere

to go up, climb up

derivative: ascension

audiō

audīre

to hear

derivatives: audition, audience

cavē

(to one person)

be careful!

cōnspiciō

cōnspicere

to notice

derivative: conspicuous

dormiō

dormīre

to sleep

derivatives: dormant, dormitory

ex/ē

(takes ablative)

out of

fragor

fragōris m.

crash

fūrtim

sneakily

derivatives: furtive, furtively

igitur

therefore

magnā voce

in a loud voice

magnus

magna, magnum

big, loud, great

derivative: magnanimous

mē

molestus

molesta, molestum

annoying

nihil

(n.)

nothing

derivatives: annihilate, nihilist

rāmus

rāmī m.

branch

semper

always

tē

you (direct object)

terreō

terrēre

to scare, frighten

derivative: terrify

tū

you (subject)

tum

then

vexō

vexāre

to annoy

derivatives: vexatious, vexation

videō

vidēre

to see

derivatives: vision, evidence

vox

vocis f.

voice

derivative: vocalize

Sort:

Alphabetically

By Parts of Speech

(takes accusative)

to, toward

amō

amāre

to love/like

ascendō

ascendere

to go up, climb up

derivative: ascension

audiō

audīre

to hear

derivatives: audition, audience

cavē

(to one person)

be careful!

cōnspiciō

cōnspicere

to notice

derivative: conspicuous

dormiō

dormīre

to sleep

derivatives: dormant, dormitory

ex/ē

(takes ablative)

out of

fragor

fragōris m.

crash

fūrtim

sneakily

derivatives: furtive, furtively

igitur

therefore

magnā voce

in a loud voice

magnus

magna, magnum

big, loud, great

derivative: magnanimous

mē

molestus

molesta, molestum

annoying

nihil

(n.)

nothing

note: can be nominative or accusative

derivatives: annihilate, nihilist

rāmus

rāmī m.

branch

semper

always

tē

you (direct object)

terreō

terrēre

to scare, frighten

note: (something else)

derivative: terrify

tū

you (subject)

tum

then

vexō

vexāre

to annoy

derivatives: vexatious, vexation

videō

vidēre

to see

derivatives: vision, evidence

vox

vocis f.

voice

derivative: vocalize

Verbs

amō

amāre

to love/like

ascendō

ascendere

to go up, climb up

derivative: ascension

audiō

audīre

to hear

derivatives: audition, audience

cōnspiciō

cōnspicere

to notice

derivative: conspicuous

dormiō

dormīre

to sleep

derivatives: dormant, dormitory

terreō

terrēre

to scare, frighten

note: (something else)

derivative: terrify

vexō

vexāre

to annoy

derivatives: vexatious, vexation

videō

vidēre

to see

derivatives: vision, evidence

Verbs (Conjugated)

cavē

(to one person)

be careful!

Infinitives

amāre

first conjugation

to love/like

ascendere

third conjugation

to go up, climb up

audīre

fourth conjugation

to hear

cōnspicere

third conjugation

to notice

dormīre

fourth conjugation

to sleep

terrēre

second conjugation

to scare, frighten

vexāre

first conjugation

to annoy

vidēre

second conjugation

to see

Nouns

fragor

fragōris m.

crash

nihil

(n.)

nothing

note: can be nominative or accusative

derivatives: annihilate, nihilist

rāmus

rāmī m.

branch

vox

vocis f.

voice

derivative: vocalize

Pronouns

mē

tē

you (direct object)

tū

you (subject)

Adjectives

magnus

magna, magnum

big, loud, great

derivative: magnanimous

molestus

molesta, molestum

annoying

Adverbs

fūrtim

sneakily

derivatives: furtive, furtively

semper

always

tum

then

Prepositions

(takes accusative)

to, toward

ex/ē

(takes ablative)

out of

Prepositional Phrases

ad vīllam

(accusative singular)

to the house

ad vīllās

(accusative plural)

to the houses

Conjunctions

igitur

therefore

Other Phrases

magnā voce

in a loud voice

Settings

Additional Resources:

Verbs

Verbs (Conjugated)

Infinitives

Nouns

Pronouns

Adjectives

Adverbs

Prepositions

Prepositional Phrases

Conjunctions

Other Phrases